Storia della crittografiaCifrariCifrari polialfabetici
Orchema + OTP = ORION
DIANA cipher - Trithemius' Orchema, 1507

Interactive example
Plain text
 Plain text = UNIDENTIFIEDPLANESSIGHTEDINTHEEAST 
 Cryptogram = NMAVKUQCHGBFXVAATKRTVVGGKHIWZUFUCD 
FrontBack
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 FLOVPZYCBWDQUKSAERGNHXIMT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TMIXHNGREASKUQDWBCYZPVOLF
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 IBTPZQUGDNYAMCFOHVKSRLXEW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WEXLRSKVHOFCMAYNDGUQZPTBI
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 DGLNMIVPAKOUCXZSRYEQBTWHF
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FHWTBQEYRSZXCUOKAPVIMNLGD
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GEDVKQZOWIXFBMLPTYRHUCASN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NSACUHRYTPLMBFXIWOZQKVDEG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RSWIKVPNZGXLEHMTDUYOACFBQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QBFCAOYUDTMHELXGZNPVKIWSR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 WVEAOPSFNCRKUGIDHZQTLBYMX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XMYBLTQZHDIGUKRCNFSPOAEVW
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RELDHMFBSIUGZYTWOAQVNXPCK
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
KCPXNVQAOWTYZGUISBFMHDLER
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ISPGXRWACEKNHMBQDLTZYOUVF
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FVUOYZTLDQBMHNKECAWRXGPSI
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ALWVRHEMYNFPKGTQSBXZCIDOU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UODICZXBSQTGKPFNYMEHRVWLA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ZDCIEHMPGFKSOUQXYWBARTVNL
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
LNVTRABWYXQUOSKFGPMHEICDZ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SUYRBOQETWGZHPCKXMNIALFDV
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
VDFLAINMXKCPHZGWTEQOBRYUS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ORMFHBWCZTEQLKNIVGUPSAXDY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YDXASPUGVINKLQETZCWBHFMRO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 AIQMKLWBYFHZEPXURODVTNGCS
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
SCGNTVDORUXPEZHFYBWLKMQIA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 CXPNBQOIEAVRWTKGDMLSHUFZY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YZFUHSLMDGKTWRVAEIOQBNPXC
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 AVGRDQUWFIBTYLZSEMXPOCNHK
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
KHNCOPXMESZLYTBIFWUQDRGVA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MRUONGQHSELDAPKFVCIWBTXZY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YZXTBWICVFKPADLESHQGNOURM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ZNWXTKHLEYAPOGCUSIRDVBQMF
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FMQBVDRISUCGOPAYELHKTXWNZ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SCHTUEQGDPBRWOYZMKLXNFVAI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
IAVFNXLKMZYOWRBPDGQEUTHCS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 FVEAUMSZQKPYBWCODRNLITGXH
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
HXGTILNRDOCWBYPKQZSMUAEVF
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 FOICQMHLTGDAWBXRVSPUYENKZ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ZKNEYUPSVRXBWADGTLHMQCIOF
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GTKORLVCUYQDEAXMFZNHPWSBI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
IBSWPHNZFMXAEDQYUCVLROKTG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OUMDAHNVRWIBSPXLEZQFTCKYG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GYKCTFQZELXPSBIWRVNHADMUO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 PBOMEYAZKFWSRTHNCIGUDXVLQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QLVXDUGICNHTRSWFKZAYEMOBP
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 WUQIGHZKVMOSFLBREXCADYNPT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TPNYDACXERBLFSOMVKZHGIQUW
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SOXKQHLIAVUGTCEFRWPBDNYZM
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
MZYNDBPWRFECTGUVAILHQKXOS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SBKXNMPAHWTRIDVFYCEZLGQOU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UOQGLZECYFVDIRTWHAPMNXKBS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 UMEKLTBODZWQIAYNSPXRFCVGH
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
HGVCFRXPSNYAIQWZDOBTLKEMU
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RVHFCGBSMNAEQTKPUZWLXIDOY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YODIXLWZUPKTQEANMSBGCFHVR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ASITDMKZUPCWQRHEVNOFXBYLG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GLYBXFONVEHRQWCPUZKMDTISA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 FLHNUOMKXCREQSWBTZVDGYAPI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
IPAYGDVZTBWSQERCXKMOUNHLF
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 GROWFMDSUPIEAXBKNHVZLYQCT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TCQYLZVHNKBXAEIPUSDMFWORG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 UNMVHWABPZFCGXSRIDTEKLQOY
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
YOQLKETDIRSXGCFZPBAWHVMNU
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 KNPYSDRETIOQHMBLZCVXWFUGA
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
AGUFWXVCZLBMHQOITERDSYPNK
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BAGPKZYUNTLQIRFXEWDSCOMHV
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
VHMOCSDWEXFRIQLTNUYZKPGAB

XVI - XX century: from Orchema to ORION

In the second half of the XX century the American NSA used for some time an ORION cipher, which bears a striking resemblance to Trithemius's Orchema, except that the alphabets were written horizontally and on both sides of each sheet; one with the clear alphabet and one with the encrypted one, printed exactly in register and with a sheet of carbon paper underneath, with the carbon at the top.

Encrypting procedure

The sender circled the plain letter with a pen, one line for each character, and the carbon paper automatically circled the encrypted letter on the back. Very fast system to write in cipher, the sender only had to circle the letters of the plain text, but extremely cumbersome: one sheet, i.e. two pages, was needed for only 50 letters.

Decryption procedure

To decrypt the recipient follows the reverse procedure: using the first page backwards, starting from the first line, looks for the first letter of the ciphertext and circleit . The clear letters will automatically be circled on the other side. In the end it will be enough to transcribe them to obtain the clear text.

Fortune of the ORION cipher

Did the designer of ORION know Trithemius and his Orchema? The cipher is described by a certain David Boak in a 1973 NSA document, declassified in 2015, and he never mentions Tritemius. The question obviously remains unanswered, but the basic idea is simple enough and may very well have been independently re-invented. It is suggestive any way that the initials, OR, are the same.

Moreover, Trithemius had a very vague idea of the concept of a disordered alphabet, dancing letters (this is the meaning of the Greek Oρχημα), indeed he proposes criteria that are not exactly disordered such as the one of alternating letters used in the following pages.

Boak describes this cipher as a big improvement on the DIANA cryptosystem in terms of operational speed but at the aforementioned cost of a much larger size. He also writes that the cipher was abandoned after a short time, partly because of the encumbrance, partly because of the difficulty of having a print with the two sides exactly in register.

Security of the cipher

As with all OTP ciphers, security is based on the process used to generate the random alphabets, which should be truly random, in the sense of absolutely unpredictable; which is very difficult to obtain and generally pseudorandom algorithms are used; so it is also in this example that uses the rand() function of the PhP language, which, according to the PhP manual itself, is not cryptographically secure; PhP has also more secure but slower functions, but for a demo, rand() is enough! Furthermore, the one time pad rule must be strictly respected: use the key once and only once, it is forbidden to reuse it.


Riferimenti bibliografici
Siti e pagine web
X Searching for "Trit" on the web, only returns another cipher named TRITON.
X
X Latino : In praesente Orchemate multiplex traditura alphabetum per transpositionem & saltum tam norma ordinis quam positione literarum. Quae omnia sufficiunt pro exemplo his qui locatis non possunt esse contenti, ut modum habeant & formam quasi restant inveniendi, quia sine numero possunt variari, ut frequens orchematis expansio clarè docet.

Italiano: Nella presente Orchema vanno trasformati in molti modi l'alfabeto per spostamento e il salto sia per ordinamento sia per posizione delle lettere. Le quali tutte sono sufficienti per l'esempio a quelli che non possono essere qui contenuti, sicché abbiano modo e forma che restino da trovare, perché possono essere variati senza limite, come la frequente espansione di orchema chiaramente mostra.