Storia della crittografiaCifrariCifrari polialfabetici
Orchema + OTP = ORION
DIANA cipher - Trithemius' Orchema, 1507

Interactive example
Plain text
 Plain text = UNIDENTIFIEDPLANESSIGHTEDINTHEEAST 
 Cryptogram = AYMGSEYXQQFVQRBODUCCIZPZIWDEETCDDG 
FrontBack
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RWCZTHQVFKYPNGXBMEOASLDIU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UIDLSAOEMBXGNPYKFVQHTZCWR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HGKQUPETSDNWYICLMAZVBFORX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XROFBVZAMLCIYWNDSTEPUQKGH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 IANOLCVSMHKWRBTXPQUZYGDFE
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
EFDGYZUQPXTBRWKHMSVCLONAI
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ZXAGDVOEKBQMUHYFPTRNLICSW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WSCILNRTPFYHUMQBKEOVDGAXZ
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 WXZESUCOVHQRYTBPIKMGDNAFL
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
LFANDGMKIPBTYRQHVOCUSEZXW
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 UOWXNAVLZCGTEYQKPIHRMDBFS
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
SFBDMRHIPKQYETGCZLVANXWOU
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 VOEATUSHXPZRKIQLNMYGDCFBW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WBFCDGYMNLQIKRZPXHSUTAEOV
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
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WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FTGSVZAEMPLNYRIBXODQWHKUC
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
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WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
EOTYPMGARIKLFNVCWZXQDSUBH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
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WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WUSYBVTZNIHMACLEQGPXDFKOR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
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WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
HERBMUAKLXIDPQYCWVZNFGTSO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ORHVZEIPWQUKMSFTLBGYDCNAX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XANCDYGBLTFSMKUQWPIEZVHRO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
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WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ALISNYDBCMQKWTUPOZXEHFRVG
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 MKXYNGDIWLRCEQUVHPTZBFASO
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
OSAFBZTPHVUQECRLWIDGNYXKM
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BEOSWXDKTAVCHIFQYLUNZPRMG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GMRPZNULYQFIHCVATKDXWSOEB
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 RVSTGFYKUMIPOXENLDZQCBHWA
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
AWHBCQZDLNEXOPIMUKYFGTSVR
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ARTXDCMWVGHEFSYOBPKZUQLIN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NILQUZKPBOYSFEHGVWMCDXTRA
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HYAZOEWFVSIXGKTNMUPCRBLDQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QDLBRCPUMNTKGXISVFWEOZAYH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 ELHTVZWQXYDBUIAPOCFSRMKNG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GNKMRSFCOPAIUBDYXQWZVTHLE
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 SQHABUGMCZIWXVTRDYOKPLENF
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
FNELPKOYDRTVXWIZCMGUBAHQS
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 DVBQPFIHRLGKTXMOZCNYASWEU
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
UEWSAYNCZOMXTKGLRHIFPQBVD
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 KCPQBDUZFIOLSVYWXEMNHARTG
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
GTRAHNMEXWYVSLOIFZUDBQPCK
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HVRDYQNWFBAKUZLCMTPESOGXI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
IXGOSEPTMCLZUKABFWNQYDRVH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 UFEIZQPSGVOWHNCLRMBTYDAXK
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
KXADYTBMRLCNHWOVGSPQZIEFU
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 EMTIFZCODNLVAGBYUHPQRXWSK
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
KSWXRQPHUYBGAVLNDOCZFITME
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 PVEQOFXAWDHYISZNBRMGTLUKC
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
CKULTGMRBNZSIYHDWAXFOQEVP
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 FBKGYEURMNHSDLTOQPVCXAIZW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WZIAXCVPQOTLDSHNMRUEYGKBF
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 OZLKUDSVMYQPNFABRTEWGIHXC
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
CXHIGWETRBAFNPQYMVSDUKLZO
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 PCKYGINEVZWXOSHLMABUDFRTQ
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
QTRFDUBAMLHSOXWZVENIGYKCP
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 HACSTGIXQDBZPKUNFRELMVYOW
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
WOYVMLERFNUKPZBDQXIGTSCAH
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 IGVUCHBEMTYPWQDASFRZOKLNX
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
XNLKOZRFSADQWPYTMEBHCUVGI
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 DIOSMCAVZXUFYWLPRBNHEQGKT
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
TKGQEHNBRPLWYFUXZVACMSOID
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 BYIEFMLPZWVAXQUSKDRHOGCTN
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
NTCGOHRDKSUQXAVWZPLMFEIYB
 ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVXYZW
 UZQXCWVAHDFPLONKMSGERBYTI
WZYXVUTSRQPONMLKIHGFEDCBA
ITYBREGSMKNOLPFDHAVWCXQZU

XVI - XX century: from Orchema to ORION

In the second half of the XX century the American NSA used for some time an ORION cipher, which bears a striking resemblance to Trithemius's Orchema, except that the alphabets were written horizontally and on both sides of each sheet; one with the clear alphabet and one with the encrypted one, printed exactly in register and with a sheet of carbon paper underneath, with the carbon at the top.

Encrypting procedure

The sender circled the plain letter with a pen, one line for each character, and the carbon paper automatically circled the encrypted letter on the back. Very fast system to write in cipher, the sender only had to circle the letters of the plain text, but extremely cumbersome: one sheet, i.e. two pages, was needed for only 50 letters.

Decryption procedure

To decrypt the recipient follows the reverse procedure: using the first page backwards, starting from the first line, looks for the first letter of the ciphertext and circleit . The clear letters will automatically be circled on the other side. In the end it will be enough to transcribe them to obtain the clear text.

Fortune of the ORION cipher

Did the designer of ORION know Trithemius and his Orchema? The cipher is described by a certain David Boak in a 1973 NSA document, declassified in 2015, and he never mentions Tritemius. The question obviously remains unanswered, but the basic idea is simple enough and may very well have been independently re-invented. It is suggestive any way that the initials, OR, are the same.

Moreover, Trithemius had a very vague idea of the concept of a disordered alphabet, dancing letters (this is the meaning of the Greek Oρχημα), indeed he proposes criteria that are not exactly disordered such as the one of alternating letters used in the following pages.

Boak describes this cipher as a big improvement on the DIANA cryptosystem in terms of operational speed but at the aforementioned cost of a much larger size. He also writes that the cipher was abandoned after a short time, partly because of the encumbrance, partly because of the difficulty of having a print with the two sides exactly in register.

Security of the cipher

As with all OTP ciphers, security is based on the process used to generate the random alphabets, which should be truly random, in the sense of absolutely unpredictable; which is very difficult to obtain and generally pseudorandom algorithms are used; so it is also in this example that uses the rand() function of the PhP language, which, according to the PhP manual itself, is not cryptographically secure; PhP has also more secure but slower functions, but for a demo, rand() is enough! Furthermore, the one time pad rule must be strictly respected: use the key once and only once, it is forbidden to reuse it.


Riferimenti bibliografici
Siti e pagine web
X Searching for "Trit" on the web, only returns another cipher named TRITON.
X
X Latino : In praesente Orchemate multiplex traditura alphabetum per transpositionem & saltum tam norma ordinis quam positione literarum. Quae omnia sufficiunt pro exemplo his qui locatis non possunt esse contenti, ut modum habeant & formam quasi restant inveniendi, quia sine numero possunt variari, ut frequens orchematis expansio clarè docet.

Italiano: Nella presente Orchema vanno trasformati in molti modi l'alfabeto per spostamento e il salto sia per ordinamento sia per posizione delle lettere. Le quali tutte sono sufficienti per l'esempio a quelli che non possono essere qui contenuti, sicché abbiano modo e forma che restino da trovare, perché possono essere variati senza limite, come la frequente espansione di orchema chiaramente mostra.